Tereshkova remains active in the space community, and her legacy is widely celebrated in everything from books to museums to stage productions. In , London's Science Museum opened a temporary exhibit called " Valentina Tereshkova: First Woman in Space ," which celebrated her contributions through artifacts as well as photographs. That same year, stage director and producer Valentina Fratti — who was named after Tereshkova — released the off-Broadway play "They Promised Her the Moon.
Another play by Chicago's Theater Unspeakable, "Moonshot," included Tereshkova as one of the characters. The BBC aired a documentary in called " Cosmonauts: How Russia Won the Space Race ," which summarizes the early space race from the Soviet perspective — a difficult accomplishment until recent years, as many of the documents were secret. It later was available on PBS in Tereshkova carried the Olympic torch in , during the St.
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And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community space. Tim Sharp. Tereshkova was later seen smiling on Soviet and European TV, pencil and logbook floating weightlessly before her face. Vostok VI made forty-eight orbits 1,, miles in 70 hours, 50 minutes, coming within 3.
By comparison, the four American astronauts who had been in space before this flight had a combined total of thirty-six orbits. Tereshkova's flight confirmed Soviet test results that women had the same resistance as men to the physical and psychological stresses of space.
In fact, tests showed that women could actually tolerate G-forces gravitational forces better than men. Upon her return Tereshkova and Bykovsky were hailed in Moscow's Red Square, a large plaza in Moscow used for official celebrations. A symbol of the liberated Soviet woman, Tereshkova toured the world as a goodwill ambassador, promoting the equality of the sexes in the Soviet Union.
She received a standing ovation at the United Nations. Unfortunately, Tereshkova and the other female Russian cosmonauts were not taken as seriously inside the Soviet Union as they were outside. The Russians used the female cosmonauts for publicity purposes to show how women were treated equally in their country. In truth, however, they were never thought of as the equals of the "regular," that is, male, cosmonauts, and they never received the same quality of flight assignments.
Their daughter, Yelena Adrianovna Nikolayeva, was born on June 8, Doctors, who were fearful of her parents' space exposure, carefully studied the girl, but no ill effects were found.
Tereshkova, after her flight, continued as an aerospace engineer in the space program. She also worked in Soviet politics, feminism, and culture. She was a deputy to the Supreme Soviet between and , and a people's deputy from to Meanwhile, she was a member of the Supreme Soviet Presidium from to During the years from to , she also served on the Soviet Women's Committee, becoming its head in During the late s and s, the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union escalated for space travel supremacy.
The competitiveness between the two nations for "one upping" achievements was fierce and the Soviets were determined to be the first to send a woman into space. Four women were chosen to become cosmonauts, but only Tereshkova actually went into space. On June 16, , Vostok 6 was launched, with Tereshkova aboard.
Tereshkova orbited the earth 48 times in By way of comparison, Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space, orbited the earth once; and the four American astronauts who flew before Tereshkova orbited a total of 36 times. When she returned from her voyage—parachuting from her space craft to earth from 20, feet—Tereshkova was given the title Hero of the Soviet Union. Many accounts suggest that women cosmonauts did not receive the same treatment as their male counterparts.
The first American woman to go to space was Sally Ride in On November 3, , Tereshkova married Andrian Nikolayev, who was also a cosmonaut. On June 8, , their daughter, Yelena Adrianovna Nikolayeva, was born. Kamanin is taking all the blame for this.
Related Persons : Khrushchev , Nikolayev , Tereshkova. The wedding, attended by the top leadership of the Soviet Union, goes well. Afterwards the newlyweds continue the party with a friends-only group of 60 at Nikolayev's apartment..
Khrushchev gives Nikolayev and Tereshkova a new apartment -. Khrushchev has given Nikolayev and Tereshkova a new apartment in Moscow. It is in a building normally reserved exclusively for the highest Communist Part members - Kutuzovskiy Prospect number , Apartment L. The apartment has 7 rooms and can be divided into two sections if they wish to live apart.
Kuznetsov named chief of the cosmonaut training centre -. Related Persons : Kuznetsov , Tereshkova. Kuznetsov is named the new chief of the cosmonaut training centre in replacement of Odintsev.. The cosmonauts are to depart on a Far East tour on 27 November, but scheduling is difficult because Sukarno calls to change the dates for Indonesia nearly daily. Kamanin develops four variant scenarios. The cosmonauts are to visit Sri Lanka, Burma, and Indonesia.
Bykovsky achieved lunar flight duration -. According to a review of Bykovsky's flight log, Bykovsky could have successfully completed a circumlunar flight. Tereshkova would have tired on such a flight - she ate poorly and slept too much.. Crews for -. Program : Vostok , Soyuz , Lunar L1. Kamanin meets with Rudenko, to discuss selection of three crews for Vostok and three crews for Soyuz flights in Ioffe reports that the Soyuz docking simulator will be completed by 25 December.
Tereshkova, Nikolayev, and Bykovsky are in Indonesia on a public relations tour, to be followed by Burma. Yerkina wedding -.
Program : Soyuz , Lunar L1. Spacecraft Bus : Soyuz. Spacecraft : Soyuz A. The cosmonaut weds at the TsPK cosmonaut centre, and 80 guests attend.
Of the female cosmonauts, only Ponomaryova is not yet married. However the next female flight will be made no earlier than Tereshkova looks tired after her tour to Southeast Asia - and she's supposed to go to Ghana on 10 January! Korolev claims that the Soyuz schedule, as laid out in the resolution of 4 December , is still realistic.
He will have the first Soyuz flight in August and the second and third in September Ivanovskiy doesn't believe it will be possible to make any flights until Korolev and Tsybin disccuss Shcherbakov's design for a rocket-propelled high-altitude glider. This concept was supported by the VVS, but Dementiev was against it and it was killed in the bureaucracy. Cosmonaut plans -. Related Persons : Bykovsky , Nikolayev , Tereshkova. Program : Vostok , Lunar L1. Spacecraft : Soyuz A , Vostok. Kamanin is to put together a cosmonaut training plan for additional Vostok and new Soyuz flights by 1 February.
Due to a lack of completed spacecraft, the next Vostok flight will not be possible until June at the earliest. The travel plans for the cosmonauts during the first half of are also to be drawn up. Gagarin travel plans -. Related Persons : Bykovsky , Gagarin , Tereshkova. Gagarin and Bykovsky will travel to Sweden and Norway in March. Tereshkova's tour of Ghana and Lebanon is an organisational mess, with impossible flight schedules.. Parachute training -. Kamanin prepares schedules for Tereshkova's visit to England on February.
Leonov's Vostok training group travels to Kirzhach to complete parachute training. Kamanin tries to pressure Korolev, Zverev, and Ivanovskiy to accelerate work on further Vostok flights. Launch Vehicle : Saturn I. American challenge -. Related Persons : Popovich , Tereshkova. Popovich has left on a tour of Australia, and Tereshkova is in England. The propaganda front of the Soviet space program is going well. But Kamanin is disquieted by the American testing of the Saturn I rocket. Its 17 tonne payload is more than double that of any Soviet booster.
Greater efforts are needed, instead he is wasting his time editing Tereshkova's new book Lunar trainers -. Program : Lunar L1 , Lunar L3. Concepts for trainers for lunar landings and fly-bys are discussed. The five flown cosmonauts sit for entrance examinations to the Zhukovskiy Institute. Kamanin is irritated that of the five, only Bykovsky seems really bright and alert. Tereshkova is still studying for the examination.
Voskhod commander assignment -. Program : Voskhod. Flight : Voskhod 1. Spacecraft Bus : Vostok. Spacecraft : Voskhod.
Kamanin meets with Nikolayev, who briefs him on his goodwill tour of Soviet cities. Kamanin shows him a rouble fine art book on the first space missions, of which he has received only six copies to distribute. Nikolayev would like one, but Kamanin says it is reserved for Tereshkova. Gagarin later briefs Kamanin on his tour of Western Europe.
Gagarin is interested in commanding the Voskhod 1 mission, but Kamanin believes it is too risky. However the excuse he gives to Gagarin is that none of the flown cosmonauts are flight-ready due to constant publicity tours. Given only three months to prepare for the flight, the commander will have to be one of the unflown cosmonauts current in training. Later Kamanin formulates a position for the General Staff on the Voskhod flights. The VVS should promise full support for the Party's resolution, while pointing out the risks and the unreliability of the Voskhod design.
Kamanin is told the support will be transmitted, but the qualifiers will not. Kamanin fumes that Khrushchev has given the go-ahead to proceed without being informed at all of the grave risks. Press preparations -. Kamanin meets with 'The Six' flown cosmonauts and prepares them for the onslaught of scheduled appearances and press conferences scheduled for the upcoming Cosmonautics Day April Tereshkova's daughter -.
Intense preparations for Voskhod are given some relief when Tereshkova's daughter is born. Tereshkova begins labour at on 7 June.
On 8 June at the doctors decide to use a caesarean section, and the girl, weighing 3. Cosmonauts on tour -. Since 14 August most of the cosmonauts have been out of town. Only Tereshkova and Nikolayev remain in Moscow. Then comes the news that Popovich has injured his leg in a fall on some stairs. The incident came after Popovich picked up two year old girls in his Volga. Aviation Day in Moscow -. Kamanin is able only to offer Gagarin, Nikolayev, and Tereshkova for the presidium the day before.
Later he hears that the special physician's panel is unanimous - Feoktistov will never be allowed to fly in space due to his condition.. Cosmonauts dispersed -. Kamanin receives a phone call from Serbin in the Central Committee, demanding that all nine flown cosmonauts be present at the unveiling of a space obelisk in Moscow the next day, and be on the podium at Red Square on 7 November. This is impossible - the cosmonauts are dispersed on vacation, cure, or public relations missions.
Gagarin, Nikolayev, Popovich, and Tereshkova are in Sochi, and after discussion, it seems they will be able to get back by the next day.
But Titov and Bykovsky are in Odessa, and it will take them three days to get back. The VVS leadership is contacted to arrange special flights, otherwise all nine could only be gathered by November. He is sure such a resolution would never have passed had Biryuzov not been killed in the plane crash. The VVS retains only its existing role of cosmonaut training. Space obelisk unveiling -. Kamanin takes the unique opportunity of having them all together to discuss plans for their higher engineering education at the Zhukovskiy Academy, plans for construction of new quarters at the TsPK, and an overview of planned future missions based on recent resolutions.
At the group departs in four Volga automobiles for Moscow. The unveiling ceremony is at Brezhnev, Kosygin, Mikoyan, and other bigwigs are there as well. Cosmonauts back to work -. Kamanin uses his entire leave for the first time in his life. Part of the time, he was with some of the cosmonauts at Sochi. Their time there was spent without serious incidents. However despite Nikolayev's protestations that all is well, Kamanin has found out that Valentina Tereshkova is seriously ill, and that her forced marriage with Nikolayev was a serious mistake.
She has declared that she does not want to live with Nikolayev any more, that he is a bad father to their daughter, he drinks too much, and that he spends all his time with his friends, speaking mainly in his native Chuvash, which she cannot understand. Cosmonaut recruitment -. Flight : Voskhod 5.
Kamanin would like to get going with the training of 40 additional cosmonauts from many disciplines in order to 'storm space'. Korolev is opposed. Kamanin is also trying to get new flights scheduled for his female cosmonauts. This is never mentioned in the planning of future flights. Korolev is opposed to sending any further women into space. Kamanin would like to see a two-woman Voskhod flight, or a woman making a spacewalk. Aside from Tereshkova, Ponomaryova and Solovyova are as qualified and talented as any of the male cosmonauts for such flights.
Yerkina and Kuznetsova, although they have completed the course, are ruled out by weaknesses in technical areas or character, in Kamanin's opinion.
Tereshkova plans -. Nikolayev is behaving like the perfect husband in public to Tereshkova and his daughter. There are plans to send the couple to France in May , as well as requests for Tereshkova to tour Algeria and Mongolia.. Voskhod plans -. His plan is: 3KV Number 5 - to be completed in June, launched by August, an unmanned biological flight with life forms, to be kept in orbit for days, with experimental equipment in the cabin to monitor the organisms and a self-destruct system 3KV Number 6 - to be completed in August, and flown by October on a day mission with a two-man crew: a flight commander and scientist 3KV number 7 - to be completed in December, and flown by April on a day mission with a pilot and physician aboard.
The spacecraft would also conduct artificial gravity experiments for days of the flight 3KD numbers 8 and 9 - a prime spacecraft and a backup, fitted with the airlock system. A spacecraft commander and pilot would make a flight or flights of 3 to 5 days. Manually controlled landing of the capsule would also be demonstrated Kamanin is disappointed that there are few experiments of military significance in Korolev's plan.
Kamanin calls Korolev to complain, and Korolev rightly replies that if the Ministry of Defence would authorise him to build more than nine spacecraft, then he could conduct other experiments Meanwhile, Leonov is conducting his final practice sessions on exiting and re-entering the airlock aboard the Tu zero-G aircraft. Khrunov will have his final sessions the next day. Kamanin is preparing the final press packet, with the cosmonaut biographies, which will be delivered to TASS but only released by them after confirmation that the spacecraft is in orbit.
Later Kamanin and forty other guests, including hero-cosmonauts and future hero-cosmonauts, throw a party for Tereshkova's 28th birthday. There is tension in the room as the cosmonauts eye each other as competitors for the flights after Voskhod Volynov is the leading candidate to command the next flight, and has already been a back-up four times, but Marshal Rudenko keeps blocking his selection for flight Volynov is a Jew.
Rudenko is pushing Beregovoi for the next flight, and everyone in the room knows it Cosmonaut travel plans -. Yegorov is going to Berlin to deliver a medical lecture. There is an avalanche of fan mail for Belyayev and Leonov. Kamanin believes that Leonov is moving into the pantheon with Gagarin and Tereshkova of top space heroes.
VVS role in space -. Program : Voskhod , Lunar L1. Flight : Voskhod 3 , Voskhod 4 , Voskhod 5. Kamanin visits Korolev and tells him that in an upcoming meeting between the cosmonauts and Brezhnev and Kosygin, they are going to push for the VVS to be given a leading role in the exploration of space, including the necessity to improve the cosmonaut training centre with 8 to 10 simulators for Voskhod and Soyuz spacecraft, and development within the VVS of competence in space technology.
Korolev is not opposed to this, but says he doubts the VVS leadership will support acquiring the new mission. Kamanin hopes that Korolev will support Volynov as the prime candidate against Marshall Rudenko's favouring of Beregovoi. Kamanin then raises the delicate issue of Korolev's unfavourable opinion of Tereshkova. After her flight, Korolev angrily said: "I never want to have anything to do with these women again".
Kamanin does not believe his remarks were meant seriously, and broaches the subject of training Soloyova and Ponomaryova for a female version of Leonov's spacewalk flight.
Korolev says he will seriously consider the suggestion. Voskhod female crew opposition -. Flight : Voskhod 3. Gagarin and the rest of the male cosmonauts, as many as other VVS officers, are opposed to Kamanin's plan for a female Voskhod flight. The first cosmonaut group are also opposed to appointment of Beregovoi and Shatalov to flight crews.
Tereshkova has lost 5 kg and looks ill, but all the doctors say she is healthy. Cosmonaut tours -. Flight : Soyuz 1 , Soyuz 2A. As far as progress on cosmonaut trainers, General Ponomaryov, who has no interests in space, is hampering development efforts.
So far his interference has delayed completion of the docking trainer by six months. Tereshkova manoeuvres -. Program : Voskhod , Soyuz. Flight : Soyuz 1 , Voskhod 3 , Voskhod 5. Spacecraft : Soyuz 7K-OK.
Tereshkova confides to Kamanin that Ponomaryova is not ready for her scheduled spaceflight. Kamanin does not believe it - he has heard it from no other cosmonauts, and he has spoken to Ponomaryova often over the years. Flight plans for are reviewed.
The pluses and minuses of each cosmonaut in advanced training for Voskhod flights is reviewed. The latest plan for the Voskhod-3 flight is for a day flight with two cosmonauts in an attempt to upstage the planned Gemini 7 day flight. This is followed by another tense phone call from Korolev, then Feoktistov complaining about inadequate VVS support for the Soyuz landing system trials at Fedosiya no Mi-6 helicopter as promised; incorrect type of sounding rockets for atmospheric profiles; insufficient data processing capacity; inadequate motor transport.
When Kamanin appeals to Finogenov on the matter, he is simply told that if "Korolev is unhappy with out facilities, let him conduct his trials elsewhere". Without the support of the VVS leadership, it is up to Kamanin to try to improve the situation using only his own cajoling and contacts.
Long range plans -. Flight : Voskhod 2. The issue of ground support for manned lunar missions is discussed within the VVS. It will be necessary to have continuous and reliable tracking and communications of spacecraft in parking orbit prior to trans-lunar injection, in orbits with inclinations between 51 and 65 deg. Kamanin is tasked to develop a forecast and plan for necessary developments in the next 4 to 5 years. Later Kamanin considers cosmonaut travels.
Nikolayev and Tereshkova are to go to Japan on 21 October. Leonov and Belyayev have returned from a tour of Bulgaria, Greece, East Germany, and Cuba, but they made several mis-statements during the tour which have been brought to Kamanin's attention. The issue of getting Gagarin back into cosmonaut training is again broached. Cosmonaut travels -. Related Persons : Belyayev , Leonov , Tereshkova.
Tereshkova is back from Japan; next she is to go to Italy on 21 November, then Denmark on 25 November. She is exhausted - Kamanin proposes sending Belyayev and Leonov to Denmark in her place.. Tereshkova trip to Italy cancelled. It is called off the evening before, after the Italian president has downgraded the status of the visit.. Korolev visits Cosmonaut Training Center -. Korolev visits the centre, and spends more than six hours with the cosmonauts. However he says nothing about concrete flight plans.
A profound pessimism prevails. Nothing has come of the letter to Brezhnev. Korolev's death -. Program : Voskhod , Soyuz , Lunar L1. Korolev dies at age 59 during what was expected to be routine colon surgery in Moscow.
The day began for Kamanin with firm plans finally in place for the next three Voskhod and first three Soyuz flights. Volynov and Shonin will be the crew for the first Voskhod flight, with Beregovoi and Shatalov as their back-ups. That will be followed by a female flight of days, with the crew begin Ponomaryova and Solovyova, with their back-ups Sergeychik nee Yerkina and Pitskhelaura nee Kuznetsova. Tereshkova will command the female training group. Training is to be completed by March After this Kamanin goes to his dacha, only to be called by General Kuznetsov around , informing him that Korolev has died during surgery.
Kamanin does not minimise Korolev's key role in creating the Soviet space program, but believes the collectives can continue the program without him. In truth, Kamanin feels Korolev has made many errors of judgment in the last three years that have hurt the program. Mishin, Korolev's first deputy, will take over management of Korolev's projects. Kamanin feels that Mishin is a clever and cultured engineer, but he is no Korolev.
Over the next three days the cosmonauts console Korolev's widow. Korolev's surgery was done personally by Petrovskiy, the Minister of Health. Korolev was told the surgery would take only a few minutes, but after five hours on the operating table, his body could no longer endure the insult, and he passed away. All flown cosmonauts have been named as delegates, including Titov, who has objected to being taken away from his MiG training for this.. Launch Vehicle : R Waiting on Voskhod -. The search for the cause of the Molniya booster failure continues.
A high oscillation vibration problem with the engine that has cropped up twice but only on the test stand has been cleared of responsibility. Tereshkova is going on a tour of Sweden.
The cosmonauts' wives are preparing a letter denouncing Popovich for shutting down his wife's career and his abuse of her. Throughout the period April to May Kamanin is preoccupied with his wife, who is extremely ill in the hospital. Program : Soyuz. Spacecraft Bus : Spiral Spacecraft : Spiral OS. Kamanin plans to make Popovich and Titov deputy commanders of cosmonaut detachments preparing for flight of the Soyuz 7K-OK and Spiral spaceplane.
Leonov is back from a tour of France; Titov is preparing to go to Afghanistan, and Tereshkova to Armenia. But that night Titov does not come home - he is hanging out again with artists and other unacceptable types. Soyuz schedule has been delayed again -. Later Mishin tours the cosmonaut training centre - the first time in his life he has visited the place.
Mishin admires the new construction from Demin's balcony on the 11th floor of cosmonaut dormitory, then goes to Tereshkova's apartment on the seventh floor, and then Gagarin's apartment. Mishin insists on drinking a toast of cognac on each visit. Tyulin reveals this is a peace mission - they want to normalize relations and get on with cosmonaut training. At Fedosiya the auxiliary parachute of a Soyuz capsule failed to open during a drop test.
Kamanin believes that the Soyuz parachute system is even worse than that of Vostok. His overall impression of the Soyuz is poor: the entire spacecraft looks unimpressive. The small dimensions of hatch, antiquated communication equipment, and inadequate emergency recovery systems are only the most noticeable of many discrepancies. If the automatic docking system does not function, then the entire Soviet space program will collapse in failure.
Almaz status review. Related Persons : Chelomei , Kuznetsov , Tereshkova. Program : Almaz. Spacecraft Bus : Almaz. Spacecraft : Almaz OPS.
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